10] #369 opened Jan 15, 2018 by theJ8910 Bee Bait piping into Crucible furnaceYou can make seared stone in a crucible furnace using cobblestone, then use an ingot caster to turn the seared stone into seared bricks. Then you could connect insulated redstone conduits using 2 colors and use 2 levers, one to control each color. 7. Dec 15, 2014 #14 Pyure said: Lava bucket damage (and steam pipe damage) is exaggerated a bit. It provides a semi-early game method of doubling ore output…. crucible process, technique for producing fine or tool steel. Also, the operating costs are about one-third the cost of a comparable holding furnace. 2 > mariculture mod 1. Flamefast Safety Tilt Crucible Furnace - CM450. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. After the metal melts, the crucible can be lifted up and. 10 + my mods, Silent's Gems and Silent's Pets (mod list. High temperature pigtails in steel flex tubing. Keep the crucible in a muffle furnace and ignite at 800°C for 1 hour. The fuel fired crucible furnace is made up of four units; the furnace shell, the refractory lining of the crucible furnace, the flame gap and the crucible pot. Expand your grass area to grow more trees (or build a tree farm) Further Breeding: Use the 6x6 area to breed further mutations. Lift-Swing Furnaces offer nonferrous and precious metal casters an easily installed, highly productive crucible melting system. In 1. It requires a heat source to be placed below it. They combine fast melting with simple, quiet operation. Craft and build a crucible furnace (two block multiblock). Here, three plywood forms are being used to coax the metal into a proper round shape. Die Beschreibung hat sich vor Verwirrung selbst verletzt In 1. 5 - Removed Journey map ( Performance issue) - Xaero's minimap added - Enabled sound by default ( Hopefully) - Reconfigured environmine bar. Fixed bug with thin crucible rendering. So think about the projects you plan to do. (269) 849-2700. Normally fish meal makes 12 fish food and. ENERTEK. This was followed by the addition of 2 g of NaOH pellets. Custom mod pack for Minecraft 1. exnihilocreatio-1. A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. When powered the heat level will begin to rise according to the amount. I already have the ingot caster, but I don't know how to fill it up. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. 20-25 % more energy than a melting furnace with an exhaust gas discharge over the crucible edge. 8 cm) in diameter or wider. The first foreign reports on the use of such a furnace for RW vitrification refer to [6, 7], which provide information on the creation of a series of cold crucible furnaces with diameters from 0. The crucible should essentially be made of materials with a much higher melting point than that of the materials to be melted. of metals, fuel inputs, with controls designed and. #27. CEM's unique, patented quartz fiber crucibles reduce ashing times by as much as 97% and cool in seconds. jar, in Regrowth 0. 0-6, MC 1. As added by Vanilla Main article: Copper on the Minecraft Wiki As added by Create Copper Ore can be found in the overworld between y levels 40 and 86, and from 20 to 55 in oceans. Each type consists of an elliptical steel shell with cast iron top. View Answer. Cold Crucible Furnaces (CCFs), widely used in multiple special applications of melting metals, oxides, glasses and other materials [1], are essentially 3D devices and their modeling is a complicated task. - Disabled naughty mariculture food >;3 - Added all vanilla saplings and leaves to crucible melt to water list - Get blue slime from slime sappling and leaves - Added Air quality quest Version 1. 04. 2. 15 per cent, at 775° to 2. Graphite Hot Zone – Ø60. 99 10% off. Scale range – 0°F. Key Specifications. The effect of the salt factor on the metal recovery is evident using both rotary and crucible furnaces as shown in Figure 2. However, pig iron, having a higher carbon content. Insulation aids in heating uniformity for precise, uniform temperature control which is required for today’s high-temperature processes. Disadvantages include increased fuel costs and size limitation. Get creative with how you get your ender chest. - How do I collect natural gas? You will need a Mariculture air pump, a tank, and a redstone signal (lever or redstone torch). A device for heating. Yes (64) Impure Titanium Ingot is an item added by the Mariculture mod. Figure 2: A 3D model of the crucible furnace refractory wall. An induction crucible furnace includes a housing having a bottom wall and side walls which define a furnace cage. They were intended for the smelting of synthetic cast iron,. Graphite. The mod also expands upon the vanilla fishing system, adding various types of rods and loot you can catch with them, while requiring you to use bait in order to operate. With no wood except dead logs you with have no way to make a crafting bench until after you have tools. 7. And from this I get ONE magnesiish dust. All three of these furnaces are documented below. It is a base component used to craft some of the fluid processing machines in the mod. I usually shoot for trying to get 4 redwood saplings. it can also produce dirt, sand and gravel. approx. In the latest version of Mariculture, the in-game book says that in order to create Magnesium I need to combine 16000 mB of Water with 24000 mB of Quicklime in a Vat. The TP contents in the sediments were analyzed by the national standard method (GB 9837-1988). Die Beschreibung ist Verwirrt. • Fixed BOP Compatibility with newest versions. You can collect oysters by breaking the block they are sitting on. g. The cast iron and steel construction mixed with a thoroughly insulated. For use with crucible furnaces. It can be made into a multi-block smelting structure by stacking several Crucible Furnace blocks atop one another. yes i do repair them but i cant get the raw metal from them no mod does it, that i know of. When compared to Other furnace technologies developed over the years outperform the gas-fired crucible furnace in terms of energy efficiency. 89. furnace. From experience , the fire department aren't very freindly. The Crucible is a block added by Ex Nihilo. Recommended Max working temperature – 1,600 °C. M. Indux crucibles are designed for furnaces operating in the frequency range from 1kHz and upwards with most installations typically operating between 1kHz and 3kHz. . The actual furnace is about 5-6 cm smaller, so you have the air circling around the inner shell. The furnace is lined with high temperature rated refractory, backed with calcium silicate insulating board. 6. Standard temperature control is achieved by sensing flue gas temperature which is shown on a digital display. Strips of 5mm MDF will do for holding the rebars in place and will be very easy to snap off in the stripping stage. The Crucible. These crucible tongs are made of steel and used to lift our larger crucibles from the furnace. If anyone is familiar with Micheal porter's book, he describes a propane-tank forge that is made from only ceramic blanket and ITC-100. 2 > mariculture mod 1. 6. 42. When looking at ways to streamline your business and make strides to cut costs and gain efficiency, sometimes it pays to ask for help. You have to charge the furnace every 10 minutes, the coal is burning real quick even if the furnace is compleatly filled up. Morgan holds an MSCI ESG Rating of AAA. This is described in the quest book, Chapter 5. Kirby and the Forgotten Land –. This invention relates to furnaces and the method of operating the same, and more particularly to oil fired or gas fired crucible furnaces. Die Beschreibung ist Verwirrt. 3 C/min , melting rate of 0. mariculture 1. 7. TF60/17, Shanghai, China) under an N 2 environment, and then pyrolyzed at 700 °C for 2 h. 2% for the lowest SF level, while it increases to 96. 14 14:07 Description: Exception in world tick java. The heating fuel is typically coke, oil, gas or electricity. 2 > mariculture advantages > mariculture mod > mariculture. The coreless induction furnace has largely replaced the crucible furnace, especially for melting of high melting point alloys. The unit. ,. A case study at Eck Industries in Manitowoc, Wis. Multiple studies of CCFs have been made for their optimization, but their electrical efficiency is still low; for metals approximately 25-30%. • Ethereal upgrades give a 1. 10 > mariculture mod 1. Repair them using thaumatic restorer until they are fully repaired then break them into ingots. The study focused on ensuring a high efficiency in melting of aluminum, by effectively. MODのアイテムにも一部対応. transformer for espresso machine » tether tools monitor mount » large crucible furnaceWe would like to introduce used and second hand melting furnaces, holding furnaces, dosing furnaces from well-known manufacturer as Striko Westofen, ZPF, Hindenlang, Rauch, Meltec, Nabertherm, STOTEK for melting of Aluminium, Magnesium, Brass and Zinc alloys. I usually shoot for trying to get 4 redwood saplings. 8 kg aluminum or 7 kg silver ; Graphite casting Mold: 113 ML capacity, size is 125*60*40 mm, can melt 2 kg gold, 1. Briefly, 0. Mate- rials are designed for several types of high temperature applications. 7% and 1. Ashing is an important first step in proximate or specific mineral analysis. I needed to replace my old propane metal melting furnace, so I thought I'd build a nicer one with some improvements I've always wanted. However, all reported methods for AIA assay have the following three common features: (1) the entire lot of ash within a crucible (made by dry ashing a test sample) is used for subsequent AIA analysis, (2) after treating ash with HCl, the mixture is filtered with ashless filter paper, washed with hot water, and finally re-ashed, and (3) no. Ironmaking blast furnaces consist of several zones: a crucible-shaped hearth at the bottom of the furnace; an intermediate zone called a bosh between the hearth and the stack; a vertical. crucible and the stand to ease in separation after use. but whenever i melt them in the crucible again, i have 100% chance of SALT. Horse armor can be cooked down into a saddle using the mariculture crucible furnace- Disabled naughty mariculture food >;3 - Added all vanilla saplings and leaves to crucible melt to water list - Get blue slime from slime sappling and leaves - Added Air quality quest Version 1. The working liner (14) may be cast in position against the insulating liner. The invention discloses a biomass and natural gas crucible furnace which comprises a biomass cracker, a high-temperature crucible furnace body and a gas burner in sequential connection. 6 out of 5 stars 200 ratings | 214 answered questions . The capital outlay of these furnaces makes them attractive to small non-ferrous foundries. 5 to 4. Our crucibles are designed with a tong groove for easy handling. Min. Mariculture crucible furnace. jar), if you place unknown magnesiish dust in the furnace in the first slot and titanium ingots in the second, the furnace processes the first dust, outputs a salt, then it continues to burn fuel over and over without processing any more of the dust. Combine inpure titanium with magnesium to get titanium. These unbreakable crucibles withstand temperatures up. Melting and holding furnaces for non-ferrous metals and alloys. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. The ash content in algae and other biomass is commonly measured gravimetrically by burning samples in a muffle furnace at a high temperature for a specified duration. You need to put the lava in one of the tank blocks from Mariculture and then put it under the crucible. ) from the tank to fuel itself. It adds many new fish to farm, world generation, machines used to process fish, and more loot to obtain through fishing. Blood Asp New Member. Thaumcraft 4 offers a way to add enchantments to items by Infusion. Fuel-heated crucible furnaces are fired using gas or oil; whereas gas-firing is preferred nowadays. Thread Status: Not open for further replies. 99 per cent, at 1,075°. Get Quote>. The first stage involves the selection of materials for the development of the fuel fired crucible furnace. Shipping weight – 15 lbs. furnace, till Glauber added a long tube to the vent-bole of Ge ber's furnace. The Crucible Furnace has a large chamber (9. Both parts of the system, the ground leak probe and the ground detector, must function. In the nutshell, it is manufactured in a variety of. 0] MARICULTURE ===== [8. Get it as soon as Monday, Oct 23. The furnace is lined with high temperature rated refractory, backed with calcium silicate insulating board. The tilting crucible furnace has an IGBT technology that saves 15% to 30% of energy, better than gas-fired and fuel-fired furnaces. Ten minutes later it was ready, a half crucible full of beautiful molten. Contact SINC Thermal. • In tilting furnaces, always cement the stand to the floor of the furnace and the stand to the crucible using a conductive cement such as Morcem 900. If the crucible has a spout, be sure there is at least a 1 ½ in. After cleaning rinsed with Distilled water. Furnace casing The mild steel sheet was selected for the fabrication of the furnace casing because of itsMariculture. NM furnace exhibits optimum performance with our refractories. 【Perfect 7-in-1 Melting Kit】Comes with the parcel is gold furnace machine / one graphite crucible / one graphite ingot mold / one forceps /one high-temperature gloves/one power cord/ one Instruction manual. 0-6, MC 1. When ordering, specify crucible size for which they will be used. Call for price quote. 50. The biochar was soaked in 1:9. In ancient times steel and iron were impossible to melt using charcoal or coal fires, which could not produce temperatures high enough. Crucible, Alumina, Combustion boat, 10 ml. There's no problem with the more common metals (Iron, Gold, Silver, Tin, Aluminum, etc. crucible and generates induced currents which are responsible of melting the charge due to Joule heating. Tilting crucible furnaces . The molten. 69 Points. The Induction Crucible Furnace is a machine added by Foundry. It was further allowed to cool at room temperature for 40 min. 12. Flamefast Safety Tilt Crucible Furnace - CM450PB. PKR 0 Add to Cart. The study carried out a design and construction of an oil-fired crucible furnace. For other uses, see Crucible. 4. ₹ 2,50,000/ Set. You can melt them down in a Mariculture crucible furnace for free metal. CSS templates [] {{Column-count}} is a shortcut for creating columns in CSS. 12. These eddy currents then cause the feed material. The TOAUTP melting furnace only has a maximum crucible capacity of 3 KG, but that’s more than enough for scraps and small jewelry. crucible. Placing an ore into the GUI of the smelter will melt the ore down into its molten state. Total weight of the furnace. Call for pricing. Crucible furnaces are also classified based on the technique to remove molten metal. 00. The Crucible Furnace is a functional block added by Mariculture. This process can be automated with the use of hoppers. This furnace is insulated to protect the heat distribution and improves entire length of service of the crucible. If the crucible has a spout, be sure there is at least a 1 ½ in. This issue happens when you put fish meal or bread into either the fish feeder or the crucible furnace when it has a full tank. This stationary furnace combines the crucible and the heating furnace into a single device. 12. All Products TOAUTO will be. I pump from that into a Railcraft Iron Tank. The furnace body consists of three parts, a base which holds the crucible of molten metal, a center section which lifts up to allow the crucible to be grabbed from the side, and a top which can swing aside to allow metal to be placed in the crucible for. 65 to 1. Box 156 Rancocas, NJ 08073-0156. Maximum recommended heating rate: 45℃ /minute. This type of furnace makes use of a refractory crucible that contains the metal charge and heated via conduction of heat through the walls of the crucible. Regrowth is a FTB mod-pack heavily based on AgriCraft and Botania with the pack code "regrowth", you spawn in a wasteland and have to bring back nature to the world. Iron Age. • If thermal shock is an issue in fuel fired furnaces, reduce the crucible height and increase the stand height by the same amount. Its capacity may range from 30 to 150 kg. 2. There are a total of 12 that can be collected. #8. on the crucible assay of a lead ore containing 2,260 ozs. Furnace specifications include maximum temperature up to 1800 degrees C, volume ranging from 2 L to 16 L, inner width ranging from 150 mm to 500 mm, inner depth ranging from 150 mm to 1150 mm, inner height ranging from 150 mm to 1600 mm, outer width. The rule ofIn addition to the cupola furnace, the induction crucible furnace is the most important melting unit for the foundry. Dry the crucible at 110 Degree for 10 h and heat first empty run slowly up to 1000 Degree. It. You can put this either in the smeltery or the Mariculture crucible to get inpure titanium. (figurative) A place or time of punishment, affiction, or great trial; severe experience or discipline. 2. The materials can withstand high temperatures required to melt different metal products. ) but whenever I melt down other metals like Black Steel, Deep Iron, Prometheum, Osmium, etc. I just reported stuff to do with crashes and lag with the Mariculture crucible furnace to joshie, and he's updated the mod to try fix it. The Induction Crucible Furnace requires either Redstone Flux (RF) or Energy Units (EU) to operate and can accept up to 4000 Energy/tick (1 RF = 10 Energy, 1 EU = 40 Energy). Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and. The steel was produced by heating wrought iron with materials rich in carbon, such as charcoal in closed vessels. 1%, respectively. . 7. 00. i crafted this thing to see what it did, and lo and behold i spent 15 minutes idleing waiting for it to actually heat up and it goes slower than a vanilla furnace. A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. 14 14:07 Description: Exception in world tick java. 6"H, 9 liters ) and it is designed for sintering ceramic parts and components in Lab. 6. The cupola is one of the only methods of. Use fuzzy export buses to pipe in random fish species, or specify which ones you want. Crucible furnaces:-. ago. 27. While the impurity do the opposite in all those machines. 18. Lindberg/MPH. It is an extensively used machine from the mod, used to melt down items and blocks by using Heat. In this study, Rotary and Crucible (bale-out type) furnaces of melt capacities 100kg and 80kg respectively were considered. Ash refers to the inorganic (mineral) residue remaining after the combustion or complete acid-facilitated. Done Water spawns in strange places, mariculture crucible furnace bug ? Discussion in 'Regrowth' started by MakakPL, Nov 18, 2015. Your flame should be orange. Louis, MO 63144. Manufactured in high-density graphite to insure longevity. Sorry :( Time: 14. The crucibles vary in size, from a cup-sized furnace to large kiln furnaces. Any crucible selected must be able to withstand the maximum BTUs the furnace fuel is able to apply to the crucible. Grachev A. There are two main types of crucible furnace: electricity resistance furnaces, gas (oil) fired furnaces. 7. 2,705. After cooling down to room temperature, a pale yellow. It provides a semi-early game method of doubling ore output…. The official changelog is here. Putting your first crucible furnace in a desert will use less lava which is most useful in the early game when lava is. Key Specifications. The meaning of CRUCIBLE is a vessel of a very refractory material (such as porcelain) used for melting and calcining a substance that requires a high degree of heat. We do not have the proper power requirements available to plug this in. The furnace should initially be run at 20% of maximum power until the crucible shows signs of red heat. There are several advantages to using a Crucible Furnace, including: Versatility: Crucible furnaces can be used to melt a wide range of materials, including metals, alloys, glass, and ceramics. ENERTEK crucibles are a new family of energy efficient crucibles that have been formulated and manufactured to offer the most thermally efficient crucible for holding molten aluminum. One of the most important stages in obtaining of founding or feedstock is the preparation of metal and alloy melt. Indux crucibles are typically used to melt copper alloys and precious metals. A prefabricated refractory crucible made of a mixture of a dry ramming material, a sintering agent and a cold-curing binder is disposed within the furnace cage with a clearance which is filled with a non-sintering granular material sealed within. $50 each. Low exhaust gas temperature. Crucible Furnaces. 2. The furnace crucible is best applicable to the induction. lead wire. Abstract and Figures. To use the Crucible,. 12. This furnace is specially made for cupola samples of precious metals and ashing processes. Sorry :( Time: 14. Crucible Furnace, 1200°C, Size (mm) 200 x 300. . 20-25 % more energy than a melting furnace with an exhaust gas discharge over the crucible edge. You can order or buy castable refractory in 10-50# bags for about 1-2. Our ALUTEX-SAL has special additives to prevent penetration and adhering of molten aluminum and aluminum oxide. ZZ format. You don’t have to pay a high electricity fee before you can conveniently use this furnace. Lindberg/Blue M™ Mini-Mite™ Tube Furnaces Thermo Scientific™. Skull melting crucibles, otherwise known as melting hearths, have water or salt-cooled copper shells that maintain an unmelted skin. You could disable auto-eject and connect 2 separate redstone controlled fluid conduits to the furnace, one going to the ingot caster, the other going to the block caster. Reactions: darkeshrine and Pyure. An induction furnace in which a graphite crucible is encompassed by a spaced thermal insulating sheath. It includes the generation of the ores, as well as the crafting items, used throughout the rest of the mod. It uses a standard 110-volt outlet, so you don’t need any special setups to start melting silver, copper, gold or other metals. That's a relief. Mariculture machines run on and use Redstone Flux. Greetings, a. We offer a variety of smaller induction furnaces to meet the demanding requirements of investment casters, specialty foundries and the precious metals. Then take that pipe wherever it needs to go for the smeltery. 6. This person is also defined as a person who works wonders and performs miracles using the magical essences inside physical. Note it does consume the lava as fuel just at a lower rate. These kinds of furnaces are emptied by tilting the entire furnace. Lodge records that the loss in cupelling 200 milligrammes of gold with 10 grammes of lead ranged from 0. Combine them with themselves until they are fully repaired then break them into ingots. 2 kg silver, 1kg copper. The crucible in the furnace was allowed to cool for 25 min with a crucible tongue before transferring it to a desiccator. 9A CN201710602047A CN107300321A CN 107300321 A CN107300321 A CN 107300321A CN 201710602047 A CN201710602047 A CN 201710602047A CN 107300321 A CN107300321 A CN 107300321A Authority CN China Prior art keywords crucible furnace heater die casting bell crucible Prior art date 2017. In seawater pond mariculture, fish are raised in ponds which receive water from the sea. Superbmelt graphite crucible is used for melting and casting of metals and certain alloys. 11 mg, is put on an alumina crucible and heated from room temperature to 850°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min, under the flow of air at a flow-rate of. Part 2: Bee ba. 公式wikiを参考にしてこの解説は作っています. The gas fired crucible furnaces energy efficiency is the lowest of all the currently available technologies, at approximately 20%. The cast-iron crucible furnace is designed to consume four gallons of diesel fuel with a rating of 139000kj/gallon which is required to completely melt 50-kilogram of cast iron over a period of 90min. These publications do not contain. The cupola furnace has several unique characteristics which are responsible for its widespread use as a melting unit for cast iron. lang. a) True. The liquid metal is then cast into ingots. The electric resistance versions energy efficiency is approximately. An insufficient expansion gap will result in crucible cracking. crucible: [noun] a vessel of a very refractory (see 1refractory 3) material (such as porcelain) used for melting and calcining a substance that requires a high degree of heat. Delivers superior fuel efficiency and close temperature control. A graphite crucible for a tilting furnace remains stationary as the furnace tilts to pour the molten metal. Briefly, 0. The designed operation. The crucible furnace can reach a maximum temperature of 1400 °C (electrically or gas-fired). A crucible furnace is a type of foundry furnace used for melting and casting metals that have a low melting point such as brass, bronze, and aluminum. Pearls can sometimes be found inside oysters. Furnace crucibles are designed to withstand the highest temperatures encountered in the metal casting works. A refractory crucible filled with the metal is heated through the crucible wall. 1e. Aluminum Melting Crucible Furnace Heating element:Crucible furnaces are the oldest type of melting furnaces. So I built a crucible furnace and ingot caster to process my rutile ore. 0 out of 5 stars 38 ratings. $145 each. Induction cold crucible furnace. I already had a bucket of melted seared stone but right clicking didn't do a thing. Sales Inquiries. This item: 3KG Gold Melting Furnace,1400W 2000F Digital Electric Melting Furnace with Graphite Crucible for Melt Scrap, Silver, Gold, Copper, Aluminum 110V Refining Casting Furnace . . . 50 m and a working prototype of the CCIM-BH furnace called an ACCIM (Advanced Cold Crucible Induction Melter) (). The Crucible Furnace (or Industrial Smelter?) is kind of super hard to integrate into an automated system. Mariculture's main focus is the Aquatic Environment. [8. The designed operation temperature range of the cast–iron crucible furnace is 13000C to 14000C. The crucible in the furnace was allowed to cool for 25 min with a crucible tongue before transferring it to a desiccator. solid state magnesium melting electric resistance furnaces Magnesium melting furnaces by Thermtronix ® are available in stationary dip-out, hydraulic tilt/pour and removable crucible style furnaces. This article discusses the design parameters, operation, characteristics, properties, and advantages of various types of crucible furnaces, such as stationary, tilting, and movable furnaces. 6. furnace section crucible pawl upper section Prior art date 1924-12-01 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Bug fix for integer math on crucible's JEI display; Modified default ore drops to not group on gravel so much; Modified default forestry recipes to not spam so many bees on sieves; Modified default AE2 drops to be more in line with the effort of making/crushing skystoneIn addition to these factors, important parameter is the time, which is necessary to melt the fully loaded crucible furnace. Depending on the grade of melt, required capacity, melt purity requirements (non-metallic inclusions, gas saturation) and the available energy resources, we offer a. These rugged, highly efficient furnaces are designed for melting such metals as aluminum, brass, silver and gold. CV series furnaces that utilize molybdenum or platinum wire have a maximum temperature of 1600ºC. The furnace source of heating is mainly fuel from coke, oil,Sale Price: USD$95. The insulation liner (12) has a high insulating characteristic and the working liner has a high heat- retention characteristic. This stationary furnace combines the crucible and the heating furnace into a single device. are small capacity typically used for small melting applications. Foseco offers the foundryman a complete range of silicon carbide and clay graphite crucibles, retorts and other specialized shapes for use in fuel fired, induction and electric resistance furnaces. 12. .